Josef Frings, German cardinal (d. 1978)

Josef Richard Frings (6 February 1887 – 17 December 1978) was a highly influential German Cardinal of the Catholic Church, whose long and distinguished ecclesiastical career spanned much of the 20th century, encompassing two World Wars and the pivotal Second Vatican Council. Born in Neuss, Germany, his life was marked by profound theological scholarship, courageous moral leadership, and dedicated pastoral service.

Archbishop of Cologne: A Shepherd in Turbulent Times

Cardinal Frings served as the esteemed Archbishop of Cologne, one of Germany's most significant dioceses, from 1942 until his retirement in 1969. His appointment came at a particularly perilous time for Germany and the Church, amidst the height of World War II and the oppressive Nazi regime. During his tenure, he became a beacon of hope and resilience for his flock, navigating the devastation of the war and the complex challenges of post-war reconstruction in one of Europe’s most heavily bombed cities. His leadership was crucial in rebuilding not only the physical structures of the archdiocese but also the spiritual and social fabric of its communities.

Courageous Resistance Against Nazism

Josef Richard Frings is widely celebrated as a significant and unwavering figure in the Catholic resistance to Nazism. His principled stand against the totalitarian regime was characterized by both outspoken public condemnation and practical pastoral action. From his position as Archbishop, he fearlessly challenged various Nazi policies that contravened Christian ethics and human dignity. He vocally opposed the Nazi euthanasia program, which systematically murdered disabled and mentally ill individuals, and condemned the Gestapo’s arbitrary arrests and persecution of both Catholics and Jews. His pastoral letters and sermons often contained thinly veiled criticisms of the regime, emphasizing the supremacy of God's law over state decrees.

A notable instance of his courage occurred during his New Year's Eve sermon in 1944/45, amidst the dire conditions of post-bombing Cologne. He addressed the desperate situation of people struggling to survive, implicitly acknowledging the moral dilemma of those who took food or fuel to prevent starvation. This sermon, which led to the popular saying "Frings-Legende" (Frings legend), was a powerful act of pastoral care, subtly defending the actions of the impoverished populace against accusations of theft, and highlighting the failure of the state to provide basic necessities.

Elevation to the Cardinalate and Post-War Leadership

In recognition of his steadfast leadership, theological depth, and courageous resistance, Josef Richard Frings was elevated to the cardinalate on 18 February 1946 by Pope Pius XII. This elevation, occurring shortly after the end of World War War II, underscored the Vatican's acknowledgment of his vital role in preserving Catholic integrity and morality during an exceptionally dark period in history. As a Cardinal, his influence expanded beyond Germany to the global stage.

His post-war contributions were immense. He played a crucial role in the spiritual and material reconstruction of Cologne and Germany, advocating for social justice and democratic principles. Furthermore, Cardinal Frings was a highly influential participant in the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965), one of the most transformative events in modern Catholic history. He emerged as a leading voice among the Council Fathers, advocating for significant reforms, including religious freedom, collegiality among bishops, and the modernization of the Church. Notably, he chose the young theologian Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI) as his personal peritus (expert) and advisor during the Council, highlighting his intellectual foresight and openness to new theological insights.

Enduring Legacy

Cardinal Frings retired as Archbishop of Cologne in 1969, concluding 27 years of remarkable service. He passed away on 17 December 1978. His legacy endures as a symbol of episcopal courage, pastoral compassion, and intellectual leadership. He is remembered not only for his unwavering opposition to Nazism but also for his profound impact on the direction of the Catholic Church in the modern era, particularly through his pivotal contributions to Vatican II.

Frequently Asked Questions About Cardinal Josef Richard Frings

Who was Josef Richard Frings?

Josef Richard Frings was a prominent German Cardinal of the Catholic Church, who served as Archbishop of Cologne from 1942 to 1969. He is particularly remembered for his courageous resistance to the Nazi regime and his significant role in the Second Vatican Council.

How did Cardinal Frings resist Nazism?

Cardinal Frings resisted Nazism by publicly condemning its policies, such as the euthanasia program and the persecution of individuals, and by delivering sermons and pastoral letters that upheld Christian values against totalitarian ideology. His New Year's Eve sermon in 1944/45 is a famous example of his pastoral courage during the war.

What was Cardinal Frings's role in the Second Vatican Council?

Cardinal Frings was a highly influential figure at the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965). He was a leading voice for reform, advocating for key changes such as religious freedom and the concept of episcopal collegiality. He also notably brought Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI) as his theological advisor.

When was Josef Richard Frings elevated to Cardinal?

Josef Richard Frings was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope Pius XII on 18 February 1946, shortly after the end of World War II.