Discovering Malta: An Overview of the Mediterranean Archipelago

Malta, officially known as the Republic of Malta (Maltese: Repubblika ta' Malta), is a captivating island country nestled in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea. As a member state of the European Union, this archipelago is geographically considered part of Southern Europe, strategically positioned to connect continents. Its central location places it approximately 80 kilometres (50 miles) south of Sicily, Italy, 284 kilometres (176 miles) east of Tunisia, and 333 kilometres (207 miles) north of Libya, making it a pivotal point in maritime history and trade.

Malta's unique identity is also reflected in its linguistic landscape. The nation boasts two official languages: Maltese, a Semitic language with significant Romance and English influences, and English, a legacy of its long historical ties with the United Kingdom. Interestingly, a substantial portion of the current Maltese population, specifically 66%, possesses conversational fluency in Italian. This linguistic proficiency is largely attributed to Malta's historical proximity to Italy and the enduring cultural and media exchange between the two nations.

A Rich Tapestry of History and Strategic Importance

The Maltese Islands boast a remarkable history of human habitation dating back to approximately 5900 BC, predating even the Egyptian pyramids. This ancient heritage is largely due to Malta's unparalleled location in the central Mediterranean, which has historically endowed it with immense strategic importance as a naval base and a crucial waypoint for trade routes across the sea. Over millennia, a succession of powerful civilisations and empires have contested and ruled the islands, each leaving an indelible mark on Malta's vibrant culture and heritage. These include:

• Phoenicians and Carthaginians: Utilised Malta as a trading outpost from around 750 BC.
• Romans: Incorporated Malta into their empire from 218 BC, integrating it into the province of Sicilia.
• Greeks: Had historical connections, though their direct rule was less extensive than others.
• Arabs: Ruled from 870 AD, profoundly influencing the Maltese language, agriculture, and traditions.
• Normans: Conquered the islands in 1091 AD, reintroducing Christianity and incorporating Malta into the Kingdom of Sicily.
• Aragonese: Ruled as part of the Crown of Aragon from the late 13th century.
• Knights of St. John (Sovereign Military Order of Malta): Governed from 1530 to 1798, transforming Malta into a formidable fortress and a centre of Baroque art and architecture.
• French: Brief but impactful rule under Napoleon Bonaparte from 1798 to 1800.
• British: Established control in 1800, formalising their presence in 1813 and maintaining it until independence.

These diverse foreign influences have collectively shaped Malta into a unique cultural melting pot, evident in its architecture, cuisine, traditions, and particularly its distinct language.

Malta's Unique Geographic and Demographic Profile

Despite its rich history and strategic importance, Malta is notable for its compact size. With a population of approximately 516,000 spread over a total land area of just 316 square kilometres (122 square miles), Malta is recognised as the world's tenth-smallest country by area. Furthermore, it holds the distinction of being the fourth most densely populated sovereign country globally, highlighting its urbanised landscape.

The nation's capital, Valletta, epitomises this compact yet significant profile. Valletta is not only a UNESCO World Heritage Site but also the smallest national capital in the European Union by area, covering a mere 0.61 square kilometres (0.24 square miles). This dense urbanisation extends beyond the capital. According to 2020 data from Eurostat, the Functional Urban Area and metropolitan region of Malta effectively encompasses the entire island, supporting a population of 480,134. Moreover, analyses by the United Nations, ESPON, and the EU Commission confirm that the "whole territory of Malta constitutes a single urban region." Consequently, Malta is increasingly described and even ranked alongside major cities or metropolitan areas, often referred to as a city-state due to its high level of urban integration and governance.

It is also noteworthy that Malta is one of only two island countries situated entirely within the Mediterranean Sea, the other being Cyprus. This geographical characteristic further contributes to its distinctiveness and appeal.

The Path to Modern Sovereignty and European Integration

Malta's journey into the modern era of self-governance began with its establishment as a British colony in 1813. During this period, Malta served a vital role within the British Empire, functioning as a crucial way station for ships traversing key trade routes and as the headquarters for the formidable British Mediterranean Fleet. Its strategic value became particularly evident during World War II, when Malta endured a relentless siege by the Axis powers. Despite overwhelming odds and severe bombardment, the island bravely held its ground, serving as a critical Allied base for operations in North Africa and the wider Mediterranean. This resilience earned the Maltese people the George Cross for their collective bravery, an honour unique among Commonwealth nations.

Following the war, Malta embarked on its path to independence. The British Parliament passed the Malta Independence Act in 1964, officially granting Malta sovereignty from the United Kingdom. Initially, it became the State of Malta, retaining Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch and Head of State. A decade later, in 1974, Malta transitioned into a republic, electing its own President as Head of State. Since achieving independence, Malta has actively participated in the global community, becoming a member state of both the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations. In a significant step towards closer European integration, Malta joined the European Union in 2004, and subsequently became part of the eurozone monetary union in 2008, adopting the Euro as its currency.

When did Malta gain independence?

Malta gained independence from the United Kingdom on September 21, 1964, becoming the State of Malta, and transitioned into a republic on December 13, 1974.

Culture, Faith, and Tourism in Malta

Malta's cultural fabric is deeply interwoven with its religious history. Christianity has been present on the islands since the time of Early Christianity, with tradition holding that Saint Paul was shipwrecked there in 60 AD, introducing the faith. However, during the period of Arab rule (870-1091 AD), Malta was predominantly Muslim, though Christians were generally tolerated. Muslim rule concluded with the Norman invasion of Malta led by Roger I in 1091, which gradually led to the re-establishment of a Christian majority.

Today, Catholicism holds the status of the state religion in Malta. Nonetheless, the Constitution of Malta robustly guarantees freedom of conscience and religious worship for all its inhabitants, reflecting a commitment to religious pluralism within its predominantly Catholic framework.

Beyond its rich history and vibrant culture, Malta is a highly sought-after tourist destination. Its appeal is manifold, stemming from its consistently warm Mediterranean climate, an abundance of recreational areas, and an impressive collection of architectural and historical monuments. Among its most celebrated attractions are three UNESCO World Heritage Sites, each offering a unique glimpse into Malta's past:

• Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum: An extraordinary underground complex dating back to around 4000-2500 BC, believed to be a prehistoric burial site and temple.
• Valletta: The capital city, a magnificent fortified Baroque city founded by the Knights of St. John in the 16th century, renowned for its grid-like streets and architectural harmony.
• The Megalithic Temples of Malta: A series of seven temples (including Ġgantija, Ħaġar Qim, Mnajdra, Tarxien, Ta’ Ħaġrat, and Skorba) which are among the oldest free-standing structures in the world, predating Stonehenge and the Egyptian pyramids.

Visitors to Malta can enjoy diverse activities, from exploring ancient ruins and historic cities to relaxing on beautiful beaches, diving in crystal-clear waters, and experiencing the lively Maltese festa (village feast) traditions.

What are the main attractions in Malta?

Malta's main attractions include three UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the prehistoric Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum, the fortified capital city of Valletta, and the ancient Megalithic Temples. Additionally, visitors enjoy its warm climate, recreational areas, and numerous historical monuments.

Legacy of a Maltese Patriot: Dun Mikiel Xerri

Dun Mikiel Xerri (born in Żebbuġ on September 29, 1737, and executed on January 17, 1799) stands as a significant figure in Maltese history, widely revered as a Maltese patriot. Baptised Mikael Archangelus Joseph in the parish church of Żebbuġ on September 30, 1737, he was the son of Bartholomew Xerri and Anne. Xerri pursued an extensive education, studying at various universities across Europe, which likely broadened his perspectives and fuelled his commitment to his homeland.

His life spanned a pivotal period in Maltese history, as he lived under the rule of both the Knights of St. John, who had governed Malta for over 260 years, and the subsequent brief but impactful French occupation under Napoleon Bonaparte. It was during this latter period, when French forces took control of the Maltese Islands, that Xerri's patriotism truly came to the fore. He became involved in an ill-fated revolt aimed at overthrowing French rule, which had become increasingly unpopular due to oppressive policies and disregard for local customs. For his leadership and participation in this unsuccessful rebellion, Dun Mikiel Xerri, along with numerous other Maltese locals, was tragically executed on January 17, 1799, at the age of 61. His sacrifice cemented his legacy as a martyr for Maltese freedom and a symbol of resistance against foreign domination.