Richard Upjohn, English-American architect (d. 1878)

Richard Upjohn: A Pioneering Figure in American Architecture

Richard Upjohn (1802-1878), a prominent British-born American architect, played a pivotal role in shaping the architectural landscape of the United States during the 19th century. Born in Shaftesbury, England, on January 22, 1802, Upjohn emigrated to the United States in 1829, initially settling in New Bedford, Massachusetts, before moving to Boston and then establishing his influential practice in New York City. He is most renowned for his masterful contributions to the Gothic Revival movement, a style he helped popularize significantly across America, and also for his extensive work in the Italianate style, further diversifying his impact on American design.

Championing the Gothic Revival Style

Upjohn's architectural legacy is largely defined by his embrace and widespread application of the Gothic Revival style, which sought to reintroduce the aesthetic principles and structural characteristics of medieval European cathedrals. His churches became quintessential examples of this movement in the United States, characterized by their pointed arches, ribbed vaults, buttresses, and an emphasis on verticality and intricate ornamentation. His most celebrated work in this style is the iconic Trinity Church at Wall Street in New York City, completed in 1846. This landmark structure not only solidified Upjohn's reputation but also served as a highly influential prototype for subsequent ecclesiastical architecture across the nation, demonstrating the spiritual and aesthetic power of the Gothic form in a burgeoning American context. Upjohn's detailed approach and adherence to authentic Gothic principles were instrumental in moving American architecture beyond simpler, more austere forms towards richer, historically informed designs, thereby igniting a widespread appreciation for the Gothic Revival.

Promoting the Italianate Style

Beyond his ecclesiastical masterpieces, Richard Upjohn also made significant contributions to the Italianate style, which gained considerable traction in the mid-19th century for residential and commercial buildings. Characterized by its picturesque qualities, low-pitched roofs, wide overhanging eaves supported by decorative brackets, tall narrow windows often with elaborate surrounds, and sometimes a belvedere or cupola, the Italianate style offered a striking contrast to the more formal Greek Revival prevalent at the time. Upjohn's versatility in adopting and popularizing this style showcased his breadth as an architect, allowing him to design a diverse range of structures, from grand country estates to urban townhouses, further demonstrating his influence on American architectural trends.

Founding the American Institute of Architects (AIA)

Richard Upjohn's commitment to the advancement of the architectural profession extended beyond his individual projects. He was a visionary leader instrumental in the establishment of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in 1857. As a founder and its first president, Upjohn played a crucial role in shaping the organization's foundational principles, setting standards for professional conduct, promoting architectural education, and advocating for the recognition of architecture as a learned profession. His leadership provided a unified voice for American architects and laid the groundwork for the professionalization and ethical practice of architecture in the United States, enduring as a cornerstone of the architectural community to this day.

A Lasting Architectural Legacy: The Upjohn Family Firm

The architectural influence of the Upjohn family extended through generations. Richard Upjohn's son, Richard Michell Upjohn (1828-1903), followed in his father's footsteps, becoming a distinguished architect in his own right. Richard Michell Upjohn notably served as a partner in his father's continued architectural firm in New York, ensuring the continuity of the practice's design principles and high standards. This collaboration further cemented the Upjohn name as a hallmark of quality and innovation in American architecture throughout the 19th century, with Richard Michell also contributing significant works, including the State Capitol in Hartford, Connecticut, a prominent example of his independent achievements.

Frequently Asked Questions About Richard Upjohn

When was Richard Upjohn born and when did he pass away?

Richard Upjohn was born on January 22, 1802, and he passed away on August 16, 1878.

What architectural styles is Richard Upjohn most famous for?

Richard Upjohn is primarily renowned for his significant contributions to the Gothic Revival style, particularly his churches, and also for his extensive work in popularizing the Italianate style in the United States.

What is Richard Upjohn's most famous building?

His most famous and influential building is widely considered to be Trinity Church on Wall Street in New York City, a seminal work of American Gothic Revival architecture completed in 1846.

What was Richard Upjohn's role in the American Institute of Architects (AIA)?

Richard Upjohn was a co-founder of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) and served as its first president from its establishment in 1857 until 1876. He was instrumental in professionalizing architecture in the U.S.

Did Richard Upjohn's family continue his architectural legacy?

Yes, his son, Richard Michell Upjohn (1828-1903), was also a prominent architect and continued the family firm's work as a partner in New York, further contributing to American architectural heritage.