Eleanor F. Helin, American astronomer (b. 1932)

Eleanor Francis "Glo" Helin (née Francis, 19 November 1932 – 25 January 2009) was a distinguished American astronomer whose groundbreaking work significantly advanced our understanding of the Solar System, particularly in the realm of near-Earth objects. While some historical records occasionally refer to her as Eleanor Kay Helin, her enduring legacy is unequivocally tied to her dedication to planetary science.

A pivotal figure in astronomical research, Helin served as the principal investigator for the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) program, an initiative of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Operational from 1995 to 2007, the NEAT program was a crucial undertaking designed to detect, track, and characterize a vast array of celestial bodies, primarily Near-Earth Objects (NEOs). These objects, including asteroids and comets, have orbits that bring them close to Earth, making their identification and trajectory prediction vital for planetary defense efforts. Under Helin's expert leadership, NEAT utilized sophisticated robotic telescopes equipped with charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras, initially at the 1.2-meter telescope on Haleakala, Maui, and later the 1.8-meter telescope at Palomar Observatory, significantly enhancing our catalog of known NEOs.

Prolific Discoverer of Celestial Bodies

Eleanor Helin was an exceptionally prolific discoverer of minor planets—a broad classification that includes asteroids—and several comets. Her remarkable career saw her credited with the discovery or co-discovery of an astounding 903 asteroids, profoundly contributing to the database of known celestial bodies. Beyond asteroids, her keen observational skills led to the identification of several periodic comets, which are comets that reliably return to the inner Solar System at regular intervals. Notable examples include:

• 111P/Helin–Roman–Crockett
• 117P/Helin–Roman–Alu
• 132P/Helin–Roman–Alu

These comets bear the names of Helin and her co-discoverers, such as Brian Roman, R. Scott Crockett, and Kenneth Alu, underscoring the collaborative nature of astronomical research.

The Unique Case of 4015 Wilson–Harrington

One of Helin's most intriguing discoveries is the object now uniquely identified by two designations: asteroid 4015 Wilson–Harrington and periodic comet 107P/Wilson–Harrington. This celestial body exemplifies the fascinating continuum between asteroids and comets, sometimes referred to as an "active asteroid" or "main-belt comet." Although astronomers Albert G. Wilson and Robert G. Harrington had observed this object decades before Helin, their initial observations did not provide sufficient data to accurately establish its orbital parameters. It was Helin's rediscovery and subsequent meticulous observations that enabled the precise determination of its orbit, thereby confirming its dual nature as both an asteroid and a periodically active comet.

Legacy in Planetary Defense

Eleanor "Glo" Helin's contributions extended beyond mere discovery; she was a driving force in the burgeoning field of planetary defense. Her tireless work in identifying and tracking potentially hazardous objects laid critical groundwork for understanding and mitigating potential impact threats to Earth. Her legacy is one of unwavering dedication to astronomy and safeguarding our planet.

Frequently Asked Questions About Eleanor "Glo" Helin

Who was Eleanor "Glo" Helin?

Eleanor "Glo" Helin was an eminent American astronomer, renowned for her pioneering work in the discovery and tracking of Near-Earth Objects (NEOs), including hundreds of asteroids and several comets. She led NASA's NEAT program, which significantly advanced planetary defense efforts.

What was the NEAT program?

The Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) program was a project spearheaded by Eleanor Helin at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Its primary mission was to detect, track, and characterize asteroids and comets that have orbits bringing them close to Earth, contributing vital data for assessing potential impact risks.

How many asteroids did Eleanor Helin discover?

Eleanor Helin discovered or co-discovered an impressive total of 903 asteroids, making her one of the most prolific discoverers of minor planets in astronomical history.

What is unique about 4015 Wilson–Harrington?

4015 Wilson–Harrington is unique because it is classified as both an asteroid and a periodic comet (107P/Wilson–Harrington). This dual classification highlights its unusual characteristics, blurring the lines between these two types of celestial bodies. Eleanor Helin's rediscovery was crucial in establishing its precise orbit and confirming its periodic cometary activity.