The siege of Jerusalem between 589–587 BC was the decisive event of the Jewish–Babylonian War, in which the second Babylonian king, Nebuchadnezzar II, besieged Jerusalem, the capital city of the Kingdom of Judah. Jerusalem fell after an 18-month siege, following which the Babylonians pillaged the city and destroyed the First Temple. After the fall of the city, many Judeans were exiled to Babylon, beginning the exilic period. Judah was subsequently annexed as a Babylonian province.

Whereas the Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle provides information about the siege of Jerusalem in 597 BC, the only known records of the siege that culminated in Jerusalem's destruction in 587 BC are found in the Hebrew Bible.