Emperor Napoleon I begins his exile on Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean.
American Civil War: The H. L. Hunley, the first submarine to sink a ship, sinks during a test, killing its inventor, Horace L. Hunley.
The Dreyfus affair: Alfred Dreyfus is arrested for spying.
World War I: At Vincennes outside Paris, Dutch dancer Mata Hari is executed by firing squad for spying for the German Empire.
World War II: The former premier of Vichy France Pierre Laval is shot by a firing squad for treason.
Vietnam War: The Catholic Worker Movement stages an anti-war rally in Manhattan including a public burning of a draft card; the first such act to result in arrest under a new amendment to the Selective Service Act.
Wayne Gretzky becomes the all-time leading points scorer in the NHL.
Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to lessen Cold War tensions and open up his nation.
NASA's Galileo spacecraft passes within 112 miles of Jupiter's moon Io.