Cevdet Sunay, Turkish general and politician, 5th President of Turkey (d. 1982)

Cevdet Sunay (Turkish: [ˈdʒevdet ˈsunaj]; 10 February 1899 – 22 May 1982) was a distinguished Turkish military officer and politician who significantly shaped the political landscape of the Republic of Turkey. Renowned for his extensive career within the Turkish Armed Forces, he ultimately ascended to the nation's highest office, serving as the fifth President of Turkey from 1966 to 1973.

Early Life and Illustrious Military Career

Born in Çaykara, Trabzon, Cevdet Sunay embarked on a lifelong commitment to national service that began in his youth. He joined the military academy during a pivotal period in Turkish history, participating in the Turkish War of Independence, a defining conflict that led to the establishment of the modern Republic. Throughout his career, Sunay steadily rose through the ranks, demonstrating exceptional leadership and strategic acumen. His dedication and experience culminated in his appointment as the Chief of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces, a prestigious and powerful position he held from 1960 to 1966. This role placed him at the heart of national security and defence, especially during a tumultuous decade following the 1960 military coup d'état.

Path to the Presidency: A Stabilizing Force

Sunay's transition from military leadership to political head of state came at a critical juncture for Turkey. Following the incapacitation of the fourth President, Cemal Gürsel, due to ill health, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey sought a figure who could provide stability and maintain the delicate balance of power. As the incumbent Chief of the General Staff, Cevdet Sunay was a natural and widely respected choice. He was elected by the Assembly on March 28, 1966, assuming the presidency at a time when the nation was grappling with significant social, economic, and political challenges, including rising polarization between left and right-wing factions. His election was largely viewed as an effort to ensure continuity and a sense of calm after a period of intense political upheaval.

Presidency (1966-1973): Navigating Turbulent Times

Cevdet Sunay's seven-year term as President was marked by efforts to uphold constitutional order amidst growing internal unrest and external pressures. His presidency saw a continuation of Turkey's commitment to Western alliances while navigating complex domestic issues. A particularly significant event during his tenure was the 1971 Military Memorandum. Facing increasing political violence and social fragmentation, the Turkish military issued a memorandum effectively demanding the resignation of the Süleyman Demirel government. President Sunay, in his capacity as head of state and a former military leader, accepted the memorandum, leading to the formation of "above-party" governments aimed at restoring order. This moment underscored the enduring influence of the military in Turkish politics and Sunay's role in managing these powerful institutional dynamics. His presidency concluded in 1973, adhering to the constitutional age limit for the head of state.

Legacy and Post-Presidency

After stepping down from the presidency, Cevdet Sunay continued to serve his nation as a life senator, a position granted to former presidents. He passed away on May 22, 1982, leaving behind a legacy as a disciplined military leader and a president who steered Turkey through a complex period with a focus on stability and national unity. His time in office is often analyzed for its reflection of the military's role as a guardian of the secular, republican order established by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

Frequently Asked Questions About Cevdet Sunay

Who was Cevdet Sunay?

Cevdet Sunay was a prominent Turkish army officer and politician who served as the fifth President of Turkey from 1966 to 1973. He had a distinguished military career, culminating as the Chief of the General Staff before his presidency.

When did Cevdet Sunay serve as the President of Turkey?

He served a single seven-year term as President, from March 28, 1966, to March 28, 1973.

What was Cevdet Sunay's background before becoming President?

Before his presidency, Cevdet Sunay had a long and illustrious career in the Turkish military, including participation in the Turkish War of Independence and serving as the Chief of the General Staff from 1960 to 1966.

What were some key events or challenges during Cevdet Sunay's presidency?

His presidency was marked by significant political instability, including rising left-right polarization and economic difficulties. A notable event was the 1971 Military Memorandum, which led to the resignation of the government and highlighted the military's continuing influence in Turkish politics.

How did Cevdet Sunay become President?

He was elected by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in 1966, following the incapacitation of the previous President, Cemal Gürsel. His election was seen as a choice to bring stability during a challenging political period.