Claudius Smith, American guerrilla leader (b. 1736)

Claudius Smith (1736 – January 22, 1779) emerged as a notorious Loyalist guerrilla leader during the tumultuous period of the American Revolution. Operating primarily in the strategic yet contested Hudson Valley and Ramapo Mountains regions of New York, he commanded a formidable band of irregulars. These men, often drawn from local populations with divided loyalties, gained infamy as the 'Cowboys' due to their opportunistic raids, particularly focusing on cattle rustling and plundering Patriot-aligned settlements.

The Ruthless Raids of the 'Cowboys'

The 'Cowboys' led by Claudius Smith were not conventional soldiers; rather, they were opportunistic marauders whose primary objective was to disrupt American Revolutionary efforts and acquire wealth through plunder. Their operations were concentrated in the "Neutral Ground," a contested zone in Westchester County, New York, and extended into the Hudson Highlands and Ramapo Mountains in Orange and Rockland Counties. Smith’s band became synonymous with daring raids, kidnappings, and the theft of livestock, essential resources for both sides during the war. Their reputation among the Patriots was one of fear and animosity, earning Smith the grim moniker of "Bloody Claudius" or the "Tory Robber" for his ruthless and often violent tactics against those who supported independence.

These irregular forces often exploited the chaotic environment of the war, preying on isolated farms and travelers. Their actions underscored the bitter internal divisions of the conflict, where loyalties were deeply split, and civilians often found themselves caught between opposing factions. The 'Cowboys' primarily targeted Whig (Patriot) sympathizers, while a similar pro-American group known as the 'Skinners' engaged in comparable depredations against Loyalists, highlighting the brutal nature of the civil conflict within the larger war.

A Prominent Lineage: The Smith Family of Brookhaven

Claudius Smith's origins trace back to a well-established and respected family in colonial New York. He was the eldest son of David Smith (1701–1787), a highly influential figure in Brookhaven, located on Long Island, New York. David Smith was a man of remarkable versatility and standing within his community, serving in a multitude of crucial roles throughout his life. His professions included a skilled tailor, a successful cattleman, and a vital miller, indicative of his economic significance. Beyond his trades, David Smith held considerable civic and moral authority, evidenced by his service as a constable, a respected clergyman, and ultimately, a judge. This diverse portfolio of responsibilities underscores his deep integration into the community's fabric and his considerable influence, from economic activity to law enforcement and spiritual guidance.

Claudius’s mother was Meriam (Williams) Carle, daughter of Samuel Williams of Hempstead, another significant colonial settlement on Long Island. Meriam was a widow prior to her marriage to David Smith, a common occurrence in the colonial era that often brought together families from different backgrounds. While the precise identity of David Smith’s father, a Samuel Smith, remains historically uncertain, the family's established presence and prominence in Long Island offer valuable context to Claudius's upbringing amidst a society grappling with its future.

The End of a Guerrilla Leader

The relentless activities of Claudius Smith and his 'Cowboys' made him a primary target for Patriot forces. His reign of terror eventually came to an end when he was captured. Following his capture, Smith was tried and convicted of numerous acts, including robbery and burglary. On January 22, 1779, Claudius Smith was hanged at Goshen, in Orange County, New York, marking the demise of one of the Revolution's most feared Loyalist guerrilla leaders. His execution served as a stark warning to other irregular forces and symbolized the Patriots' determination to suppress any opposition within their territories.

Frequently Asked Questions About Claudius Smith and the 'Cowboys'

Who was Claudius Smith?

Claudius Smith (1736–1779) was a prominent Loyalist guerrilla leader during the American Revolution. He commanded a band of irregulars known as the 'Cowboys' who operated in the Hudson Valley and Ramapo Mountains, engaging in raids, plundering, and cattle rustling primarily against Patriot sympathizers.

What were the 'Cowboys' known for?

The 'Cowboys' were notorious for their opportunistic and often brutal raids, focusing on disrupting Patriot supply lines, kidnapping individuals, and stealing livestock. They were active in the "Neutral Ground" of Westchester County and the surrounding areas, exploiting the divided loyalties of the civilian population during the war.

Where did Claudius Smith and his 'Cowboys' primarily operate?

Their main area of operation included the Hudson Highlands, the Ramapo Mountains (covering parts of Orange and Rockland Counties in New York), and particularly the "Neutral Ground" in Westchester County, New York, which was a disputed territory during the American Revolution.

How did Claudius Smith die?

Claudius Smith was captured by Patriot forces, tried, and convicted for his criminal activities, including robbery. He was subsequently hanged in Goshen, Orange County, New York, on January 22, 1779.

Was Claudius Smith from a prominent family?

Yes, Claudius Smith was the eldest son of David Smith, a highly respected and influential figure in Brookhaven, Long Island, New York. David Smith held multiple significant roles, including tailor, cattleman, miller, constable, clergyman, and judge, indicating his family's considerable standing in the community.